The LHC recreates the conditions of the universe less than a billionth of a second after the big bang. The job of the LHC is too study the universe during the time when the Higgs particles are thought to have been generated. The history of the universe is thus:
- 13.7 billion years ago universe begins (t=0)
- gravity separates from the other forces of nature (t+10-43 seconds)
- exponential expansion of universe (t+10-36 s)
- from size of electron to size of melon (t+10-32 s)
- with formation of sub-atomic particles
- and Higgs field (t+10-12 s)
- gives mass to sub-atomic particles
- Higgs acts like cosmic treacle
- if Higgs particles aka Higgs Boson, aka The God Particle (Leon Lederman) exist (after 40 years we don't know) then Higgs Boson must be created in LHC (Standard Model)
- Higgs particles decays too quickly to be seen even in LHC
- but Muon will be seen from decay of Higgs particle
- Higgs Boson is tens or hundreds of times heavier than the protons that were smashed together (mini big bang) to create it (E=mc2). Energy=mass
- because Higgs particles are light enough to show up in LHC
- if Higgs particles are NOT found in LHC
- some other mechanism (Minimally Supersymetric Standard Model?) will show up in LHC which creates mass
- and explains Dark Matter
After t+10-12 s time we already know what happened to the universe because smaller cousins to LHC (eg Fermilab Tevatron?) have been working for decades:-
- 4 forces of nature (strong nuclear, electromagnetic, weak, gravity) formed (t+10-6 s)
- strong nuclear force
- binds quarks together in nucleus of atom
- electromagnetism
- holds electrons in place around nucleus
- weak force
- allows sun to shine, explains radioactive decay
- gravity
- is missing from Standard model
- creates infinities when gravity is added
- if treat particles as tiny points, when they come infinitely close together, gravity becomes infinitely strong
- by treating particles as strings (not tiny points) we have a way for gravity to work
- but gravity is included in Einstein's General Relativity
- a Theory of Everything would combine Standard model with General Relativity
- String Theory combines all particles and forces (and makes a decent cup of coffee!)
- quarks and leptons interact
- quarks stick together to give protons & neutrons, neutrinos roam universe (t+1 s)
- protons & neutrons form elements (t+3 minutes)
- Hydrogen 75% : Helium 25% ratio fixed (t+30 m)
- Light as Photons set free from dense universe: cosmic microwave background (t+ 380,000 years)
- gravity collapses H & He to form stars
- 4 forces of nature interact: x3 He fuse to give Carbon
- more fusions give oxygen and other light elements
- stars run out of fuel, explode
- scattering C & Oxygen & other light elements
- creating Gold, Silver & other heavy elements
- gravity forms stars & dense rocky planets orbit
- on at least one planet, occurs self replication & life & us!
Additional material added above from the 5 YouTube videos:-
This work by crabsallover is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License.
